a. Noun Phrase (NP)
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada nounPola:
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada nounPola:
- M (adj) + H (n) e.g. kind (adj/ M) man (n/ H)
a (adj/ M) beautiful (adj/ M) girl (n/ H)
- M (n) + H (n)
e.g. post (n/ M) office (n/ H)
book (n/ M) store (n/ H)
tooth (n/ M) brush (n/ H)
- M (adj) + M (n) + H (n)
e.g a (adj/ M) post (n/ M) office (n/ H)
- H (indefinite pronoun) + M (adj)
indefinite pronoun: kata ganti yang tidak jelas
someone somebody something
anyone anybody anything
everyone everybody everything
no one nobody nothing
e.g. someone (indefi pron/ H) special (adj/ M)
something (indefi pron/ H) different (adj/ M)
H: head
M: modifier
n: noun
adj: adjective
conclusion:
yang bisa menjelaskan noun adalah adjective dan noun itu sendiri
Note : pengambilan nama phrase di ambil dari kelas kata head nya
b. Adjective Phrase (Adj P)
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada adjective
Pola:
- M (adv of degree) + H (adj)
e.g. extremely (adv of degree as M) noble (adj as H)
fairly (adv of degree as M) good (adj as H)
- H (adj) + M (adv of degree "enough")
e.g. interesting (adj as H) enough (adv of degree as M)
curious (adj as H) enough (adv of degree as M)
note: Adverb of degree adalah adverb yang menyatakan makna tingkatan seperti: so, very, too, fairly, rather, somewhat, extremely, quite, enough, etc.
conclusion:Yang bisa menjelaskan adjective adalah adverb (of degree)
c. Adverbial Phrase
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada adverb
Pola:
- M (adv of degree) + H (adv of manner)
e.g. very (adv of degree as M) fast (adv of manner as H)
too (adv of degree as M) slow (adv of manner as H)
- H (adv of manner) + M (adv of degree "enough")
e.g. fluently (adv of manner as H) enough (adv of degree as M)
diligently (adv of manner as H) enough (adv of degree as M)
note:
Adverb of manner adalah adverb yang menyatakan makna cara. Adverb digunakan untuk ini menjawab pertanyaan "How?"
e.g. He studies english diligently (dia belajar bahasa inggris dengan rajin)
question : How does he study english? (bagaimana dia belajar bahasa inggris?)
answer : diligently (dengan rajin)jadi adverb of mannernya adalah "diligently"
conclusion:
yang bisa menjelaskan adverb (of manner) adalah adverb (of degree) itu sendiri
d. Verb Phrase (VP)
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada verb
Pola: M (aux) + H (ord) + M (object) + M (adv)
note 1:
- aux: auxiliary (kata kerja bantu)
letak: setelah subjek, sebelum verb yang terakhir dalam deret tenses
- ord: ordinary (kata kerja utama)letak: verb yang terakhir dalam deret tenses
note 2:
Dalam Verb Phrase, semua modifier tidak harus muncul semua, bisa ordinary dengan auxiliarry saja, dengan objek saja, atau dengan adverb sajaJ jadi yang penting salah satu dari modifier muncul.
supplementary explanation:
positions of aux and ord
-> present perfect
S + has, have + V3
S + has, have + V3
aux: has, have (verb setelah Subjek, sebelum verb terakhir)
ord: V3 (verb terakhir)
ord: V3 (verb terakhir)
-> future perfect continuous
S + will + have + been + Ving
S + will + have + been + Ving
aux: will, have, dan been
ord: Ving
ord: Ving
-> simple past
S + V2
S + V2
aux: - (karena Verb nya hanya satu, maka verb tersebut adalah ordinary)
ord: V2
examples of Verb Phrase:
ride (ord as H) a bike (obj as M) fast (adv as M)
would (aux as M) have (aux as M) watched (ord as H) TV (obj as M)
go (ord as H) somewhere (adv as M)
will (aux as M) eat (ord as H) it (obj as M)
e. Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Adalah phrase yang inti (head) nya terletak pada preposition
Pola: H (prep) + M (obj of prep)
Objects of prep (objeknya preposition) ada 5:
- noun
e.g. I sat beside (prep as H) Bob (n as M)
- NP
e.g. He is always thinking about (prep as H) the girl (NP as M)
- N Cl (Noun Clause [conj S V])
e.g. I don't care for (prep as H) who you are (N Cl as M)
- pronoun e.g. No one believes in (prep as H) him (pron as M)
- gerund (Ving)
e.g. Most people get accostumed to (prep as H) littering (gerund as M)
conclusion:
yang bisa menjelaskan preposition adalah objeknya (N, NP, N Cl, Pron, dan Gerund)
The others we'll discuse in the next section
